1. Ray Tomlinson is sitting in his in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2. He just sent the first message from one computer to a different computer through a network.
3. This second email told people how to send email on the computer network.
4. Before , there was no email.
5. These were all to a big computer.
6. They could send files to other computers through the , but they couldn't talk.
7. He used AT to a person's name from the name of the computer the person was using.
8. In fact, typewriter companies thought about taking it off the .
9. In the 1970s, only about people used email.
10. Then, in the 1980s, the first computers arrived.
11. Today, over one people use it.
12. Some people check their email to 40 times an hour.
13. Most of it is that tries to sell something.
14. As much as 70% of each day's billion email messages is spam.
15. However, thanks to this hero, people all over the world can communicate with each other in seconds.
This is the audio script:
The year is 1971.
Ray Tomlinson is sitting in his office in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
He types a few letters on a keyboard.
Then he moves to a second computer in the room and reads the monitor.
Yes!
He just sent the first electronic message from one computer to a different computer through
a network.
What did this first email say?
Tomlinson doesn't remember.
Maybe it was just a string of letters like Q-W-E-R-T-Y-U-I-O-P.
He does remember the second message.
He sent it to his co-workers.
This second email message told people how to send email on the computer network.
Before 1971, there was no email.
In those days, people didn't have small computers on their desks.
They only had keyboards and monitors.
These were all connected to a big computer.
People could only send messages to other people on the same computer.
They could send files to other computers through the network, but they couldn't talk.
To solve this problem, Tomlinson needed a way to direct messages to the right person
on the right computer on any network.
He chose the AT symbol.
He used AT to separate a person's name from the name of the computer the person was using.
The AT symbol was a good choice.
This symbol was not in anyone's name.
Few people used it.
In fact, typewriter companies thought about taking it off the keyboard.
Now, AT is used 2 million times every second.
No one really paid any attention to Tomlinson's achievement.
In the 1970s, only about 500 people used email.
They only used it to do projects at work.
Then, in the 1980s, the first personal computers arrived.
They were small and not very expensive.
For the first time, people could have computers at home.
Then came the internet.
Soon, email became a popular way to communicate.
Today, over 1 billion people use it.
Office workers spend almost an hour a day on email.
Some people check their email 30 to 40 times an hour.
Tomlinson is sorry about one thing.
Spam.
Spam is email that no one wants.
Most of it is advertising that tries to sell something.
As much as 70% of each day's 180 billion email messages is spam.
As the number of email users grows, spam is becoming more and more of a problem.
Unlike many other inventors, Tomlinson is not famous.
He never made any money from email.
Most people don't even know his name.
However, thanks to this unknown hero, people all over the world can communicate with each
other in seconds.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. You can write when you're on the bus or , or standing in line at a store.
2. When she was a in high school, she wrote a novel called If You.
3. The novel became so popular that a made it into a book.
4. Soon, millions of people in Japan other people's cell phone novels from the website onto their own cell phones.
5. In this way, million people read a cell phone novel called Love Sky.
6. By 2007, of the top ten best-selling books in Japan were cell phone novels first.
7. Then readers can post and suggest ideas.
8. Some people who a novel on their cell phones also buy the book.
9. Cell phone novels have a special .
10. Chapters and are short.
11. This style is popular with young people who grew up reading manga or books.
12. Now a new kind of novel is coming from Japan to the of the world.
13. The idea is becoming popular in other .
14. For example, now people are cell phone novels in South Korea, China, and the United States.
15. Maybe you will write the world's next cell phone novel.
This is the audio script:
Do you want to write a novel?
All you need is a cell phone.
You can write when you're on the bus or subway, or standing in line at a store.
Then you can put your novel on the Internet.
Rin, a young woman in Japan, did just this.
She started writing on her cell phone in high school.
When she was a senior in high school, she wrote a novel called If You.
She put the novel on a website.
People downloaded it and read it on their cell phones.
The novel became so popular that a publisher made it into a book.
If You sold almost half a million copies in bookstores.
In Japan, in 2000, an Internet company made a website for people to share the novels they wrote on their cell phones.
Soon, millions of people in Japan downloaded other people's cell phone novels from the website onto their own cell phones.
In this way, 20 million people read a cell phone novel called Love Sky.
It was so popular that it became a printed book and then a movie.
By 2007, half of the top ten best-selling books in Japan were cell phone novels first.
Cell phone readers can also participate in the writing.
Writers usually put their novels online, chapter by chapter.
Then readers can post comments and suggest ideas.
This helps the writers as they develop their novels.
Some people who read a novel on their cell phones also buy the book.
They like to see the ideas they gave the writer in print.
Cell phone novels have a special style.
The action moves fast.
It is usually more important than the story or the characters.
Chapters and conversations are short.
People speak in very short sentences.
This style is popular with young people who grew up reading manga or comic books.
Many people believe that a Japanese woman wrote the world's first novel, The Tale of Genji, one thousand years ago.
Now a new kind of novel is coming from Japan to the rest of the world.
The idea is becoming popular in other countries.
For example, now people are writing cell phone novels in South Korea, China, and the United States.
So, get those thumbs ready.
Maybe you will write the world's next best-selling cell phone novel.
This is the end of the audio program.
2. However, the young woman had a that helped her feel better.
3. Then she took a small book from under her .
4. Long ago in , only men learned to read and write.
5. They made written symbols to stand for and words.
6. It was the for her family to choose him for her.
7. Before she left, her friends and family wrote to her in a small book.
8. The woman opened the book on the day of her marriage.
9. Some people think a woman in an emperor's court created it to send messages to her sisters back home.
10. years ago, people spoke a variety of languages in China.
11. A man who wrote in another language could his life, but women were not so important.
12. In , a teacher went to study the culture of Jiangyong Hunan Province.
13. In 2004, Yang Huang Yi, the woman who secretly used Nushu, died.
14. Infact, from all over the world go to Hunan Province to see examples of the secret writing in a museum.
15. This secret is not a secret anymore.
This is the audio script:
After her wedding, the young woman went to live in her husband's village.
Life was lonely and difficult.
Her mother-in-law made her work hard all day.
Her friends were far away.
However, the young woman had a secret that helped her feel better.
On the third day after she arrived in the village, she waited for her husband to fall asleep.
Then she took a small book from under her pillow.
She began to read, and the words made her smile.
What was in the little book?
Why was it a secret?
Long ago in China, only men learned to read and write.
Women in one area of the country were not happy with this.
In remote parts of Hunan province, these women created their own secret writing system.
They made written symbols to stand for sounds and words.
They called this language Nushu.
In the past, a woman did not choose her husband.
It was the custom for her family to choose him for her.
When she married, she normally left her village and went to live with her husband's family.
Before she left, her female friends and family wrote to her in a small book.
They wrote about their friendship, their memories, and their hopes for her.
At the end of the book, they left pages for her to write about her new life.
The woman opened the book on the third day of her marriage.
Her husband could not read it, because the writing was all in Nushu.
Men probably knew about Nushu, but they did not think it was important.
To women, it was very important.
In fact, when women died, their families often buried them with their Nushu third-day books.
How and why did Nushu start?
No one is sure.
Some people think a lonely woman in an emperor's court created it to send messages to her
sisters back home.
Others think Nushu comes from a very old language.
4,000 years ago, people spoke a variety of languages in China.
Then the emperor said people could only use Mandarin.
A man who wrote in another language could lose his life, but women were not so important.
Maybe they continued to use the old language.
In the 1920s, many women in China began to go to school.
They learned to read and write Mandarin, and they did not need Nushu.
In 1982, a teacher went to study the culture of Jiangyong Hunan Province.
There, he learned about Nushu and wrote about his research.
This was very exciting because there were no other languages in the world that were only
for women.
In 2004, Yang Huang Yi, the last woman who secretly used Nushu, died.
Today, there is still a lot of interest in this language.
In fact, tourists from all over the world go to Hunan Province to see examples of the
secret writing in a museum.
Some women even go to a special school to study Nushu.
This secret writing is not a secret anymore.
This is the end of the audio program.
2. The woman in the black coat is in line at the checkpoint for security.
3. The woman looks like all the other , but Ann Hill notices some small differences in the expressions on the woman's face.
4. Her lips pull toward her .
5. The facial expressions tell Hill that the woman is something.
6. Like many other security workers, Hill has special training in reading .
7. Micro expressions can often tell you more about people's feelings than their can.
8. We can see when eyebrows go up.
9. Do people from different read faces in the same way?.
10. He found that everyone many facial expressions in the same way.
11. These expressions can show emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, , surprise and dislike.
12. He asked the first group to the movie accurately.
13. Most people did badly on the , but a few people did well.
14. Then he trained other people to micro expressions.
15. Her mother was very , and she was going to visit her.
This is the audio script:
Ann Hill works for airport security.
One morning at work, she speaks into her radio.
Look at the woman in the black coat, she says.
Her partner answers, right.
Let's go ask her some questions.
The woman in the black coat is in line at the checkpoint for airport security.
This is the place where people stop for an examination of their papers and possessions.
The woman looks like all the other passengers, but Ann Hill notices some small differences
in the expressions on the woman's face.
Her eyebrows go up and move together.
Her eyelids rise.
Her lips pull toward her ears.
All this happens quickly, but it's enough for Ann Hill.
The facial expressions tell Hill that the woman is hiding something.
Like many other security workers, Hill has special training in reading faces.
She looks for micro expressions.
These are very small changes on a person's face.
They show the person's thoughts or feelings.
Micro expressions can often tell you more about people's feelings than their behavior can.
Everyone can read some emotions on people's faces.
We can see surprise when eyebrows go up.
We can see happiness when the mouth and eyes change.
A psychology professor named Paul Ekman asked himself a question.
Do people from different cultures read faces in the same way?
Ekman did research in different parts of the world to find the answer.
He found that everyone understands many facial expressions in the same way.
He also found that, with the 43 face muscles, people can make 10,000 different micro expressions.
These expressions can show emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and dislike.
Ekman wanted to know something else.
Can a face show that a person is not telling the truth?
Ekman did some experiments.
In one experiment, he used a group of nurses.
He asked them to watch a movie.
Then he divided the nurses into two groups.
He asked the first group to describe the movie accurately.
Then he asked the second group to lie about the movie.
Ekman filmed both groups.
In the next part of the experiment, Ekman asked other people to watch his films.
He asked them, which nurses are lying?
Which nurses are telling the truth?
Most people did badly on the test, but a few people did well.
These people did not listen to the nurse's words.
They paid attention to the expressions on their faces.
After many years of studying micro expressions, Ekman could tell when a person was lying.
He could also tell when someone was hiding something.
Then he trained other people to recognize micro expressions.
Anne Hill had this kind of training, and she became an expert.
Hill and her partner asked the woman in the black coat about the purpose of her trip.
When she answered, her eyes filled with tears.
Was Hill right about her?
Yes, the woman was hiding something.
Her mother was very ill, and she was going to visit her.
The emotion she was hiding was sadness.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. Ryan Jones is only 8 months old, but he is already talking with his .
2. When he is , he opens and closes his hand.
3. When Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very .
4. Ryan's parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can with them.
5. Then, he got a job helping deaf people communicate with people.
6. He noticed that these were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children.
7. When they were 1 year old, they could use as many as signs.
8. These babies using signs about 2 months later.
9. They wanted to give their babies a to communicate before they could use spoken words.
10. Some people about signing to babies.
11. Maybe they will develop language later than other babies.
12. In fact, one study found just the .
13. Signing babies actually learned to earlier than other children.
14. They also score on intelligence tests.
15. It can be because many people understand it.
This is the audio script:
Babies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old.
Ryan Jones is only 8 months old, but he is already talking with his parents.
When he is hungry, he opens and closes his hand.
This means milk.
He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more.
Ryan is not deaf and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him
to sign.
They say a word and make a sign at the same time.
They repeat this again and again.
When Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.
Ryan's parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.
Ryan's parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia.
Although Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign Language
ASL.
First, he took courses in ASL.
Then, he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people.
In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants.
He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children.
They talked with signs by the time they were 8 months old.
When they were 1 year old, they could use as many as 50 signs.
Garcia decided to try something new.
He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf.
The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were 6 or 7 months old.
These babies started using signs about 2 months later.
More and more parents took Garcia's ASL classes.
Like Ryan's family, they were excited about signing with their babies.
They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.
Some people worry about signing to babies.
They are afraid that these babies won't feel a need to talk.
Maybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies.
However, research does not show this.
In fact, one study found just the opposite.
Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children.
As they grow older, these children are more interested in books.
They also score higher on intelligence tests.
There is still a big question for parents.
Which are the best signs to teach their babies?
Some parents make their own signs.
Other parents want to teach ASL.
It can be useful because many people understand it.
There's no clear answer, but we do know this.
While signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. My cousins always eat ...................... with milk for breakfast.
2. A(n) ...................... is a simple dish to make, all you need are some eggs and one or two vegetables.
3.This restaurant serves a really good fish ...................... which is tasty but not very spicy.
4. This ...................... looks good – it’s large, yellow and not too soft.
5. I eat meat but I don’t like beef. I prefer ...................... or pork.
6. How much ...................... are you putting in there? That is going to be very hot!
7. I want to cook a green vegetable. Do you have any ......................?
8. I don’t like milk but I sometimes eat cereal with fruit and .......................
2 Choose the correct option to complete the suggestions.
1. Let’s find / about / shall somewhere to eat now before we see the film.
2. What about / Shall we / Let’s going for a Chinese meal?
3. Where do you feel / shall we go / about go for dinner?
4. Shall I / How about / What about meet you at the cinema around six?
5. How about / Let’s / Shall we ordering pizza for dinner?
6. Do you feel / What about / Let’s like eating sushi tonight?
3 Complete the text with the correct verbs.
This is how you make an omelette. First of all, you (1) c...................... some onions and mushrooms and
(2) f...................... them in the pan with a little oil. Then you (3) a...................... two or three eggs and
(4) m...................... them with the vegetables. (5) C...................... the mixture for two minutes and then turn it over. When it is cooked, (6) p...................... the omelette on a warm plate and (7) s...................... with some avocado or salad. Finally, don’t forget to (8) w...................... the dishes before you leave the kitchen!
2) 1. Let’s find somewhere to eat now before we see the film. / 2. What about going for a Chinese meal? / 3. Where shall we go for dinner? / 4. Shall I meet you at the cinema around six? / 5. How about ordering pizza for dinner? / 6. Do you feel like eating sushi tonight?
1) Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false statements.
1. A tent is something you can put up in a field and sleep in. T / F
2. A campsite is a place where people can stay in small houses. T / F
3. A tourist information centre is a place where you learn about things to see and do. T / F
4. A backpack is a very large suitcase. T / F
5. Accommodation is a large hotel. T / F
6. A tour guide is someone who gives tourists information about places. T / F
2) Complete the text with the appropriate words.
Last Friday we travelled to Rome for a long weekend. Unfortunately, there was a (1) d..................... on our first flight from Edinburgh to London. In the end, it left about two hours later than planned. As a result, we (2) m..................... our next flight and didn’t arrive at our (3) d..................... until Saturday afternoon. Then we discovered our (4) l..................... wasn’t on the plane. It was not a good start to the trip. Luckily our (5) a..................... was excellent. We had a very funny (6) t..................... g too. He showed us all around the city and even tried to teach us some Italian!
1. The from Dover to Calais can be rough when it’s windy.
2. You can take a direct ..................... from Madrid to Dubai.
3. It’s going to be a long car ..................... so take some games or a book.
4. Over the summer, they are going to ..................... around Europe by train.
5. I don’t want to go on a ..................... because I get sea sick.
6. I prefer short ..................... to long distance flights.
Vocabulary
BASIC VOCABULARY 5
1) 1. T / 2. F - It’s a place where you can stay in a tent. / 3. T / 4. F - It’s a bag you can carry on your back. / 5. F - It’s somewhere you can stay. It could be large or small. / 6. T
1) Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
back brain fingers heart knee neck stomach toes
1 I have a violin exam tomorrow so I don’t want to hurt my ...............
2 The ............... is very important because it controls your body.
3 I want to have a healthy ............... , so I’m eating lots of fruit and vegetables.
4 I don’t want to hurt my ............... . Can you help me lift this box?
5 I am too heavy. I can’t touch my ................
6 The ............... pushes blood around the body.
7 I was in a car accident yesterday and now my ............... hurts.
8 John can’t play football today because he’s hurt his ............... .
2) Complete the dialogues with appropriate words.
A: So, you hurt your (1) a..................... playing basketball, is that right?
B: Yes. It’s my right one. It really (2) h......................
A: Hello, I need to see a (3) d......................
B: Is it for a check up or do you have tooth (4) a..................... ?
A: Can you give me the tissues? I hate having a (5) c......................
B: I know it’s horrible. Do you want to go to the pharmacy to get some (6) m..................... ?
A: Hello. What is the problem?
B: I fell over this morning and now I have (7) b...................... It hurts to move.
A: OK. Let’s have a look. Well, it (8) f..................... f..................... , so I don’t think it’s serious.
3) Choose the correct option to complete the text.
(1)..................... we went on holiday to Greece. It was lovely and sunny and we went swimming
every day. On the last day, it was cloudy but it was the last day, (2)..................... I went swimming
anyway. (3)..................... , it got very dark and started to rain. (4)..................... I looked at the beach it was very far away. I swam fast and for a long time and eventually I got near the beach. (5)..................... my brother came in and helped me out. I was very tired. (6)..................... I didn’t want to go swimming for a long time.
3) Write a second sentence so it has the same meaning as the first sentence. Use the word in brackets and any others you may need.
1 Today is Thursday. Two days ago it was Tuesday. (yesterday)
Today is Thursday, so ............................................ was Tuesday.
2 It’s eleven o’clock now. I had dinner at seven o’clock. (ago)
I had dinner .............................................
3 It’s March now. In March last year we moved to live in the USA. (ago)
We left Spain .............................................
4 It’s Sunday. We went to see a great film on Saturday evening. (night)
We saw a great film .............................................
5 It’s Saturday today. We went shopping a week ago. (Saturday)
We went shopping .............................................
6 It’s Friday now. I saw Tom on Thursday at 4 o’clock. (afternoon)
I saw Tom .............................................
Vocabulary
BASIC VOCABULARY 3
1) 1. T / 2. T / 3. F, it means to listen or watch something on the internet./ 4. F, it means to copy it from the internet to the computer./ 5. F, it is the person that writes an article and posts it on the internet./ 6. T / 7. T / 8. T(Other answers may be possible when correcting the false statements.)
2) 1. documentary / 2. comedy / 3. cartoon / 4. action / 5. quiz show / 6. crime drama
3) 1 the day before yesterday/ 2 four hours ago / 3 a/one year ago / 4 last night / 5 last Saturday / 6 yesterday afternoon
The first time I saw Silver River was at my friend’s house. It’s the story of two families, which didn’t sound very interesting to me, but actually I loved it. I saw it again last week, and I enjoyed it just as much. The actors are good and so is the story, but what I really love is the music – it’s brilliant. When the film first came out, not many people went to see it, but it’s a lot more popular now.
Dan
For me, Forest Path is the best film ever. It’s about a musician who leaves his home in Mexico and goes looking for adventure. He travels around the country for a year, playing his guitar everywhere he goes. At the end of the film, he meets the woman who becomes his wife. This actually happened in real life many years ago, which I didn’t know when I first saw it. The acting is very good, especially the woman – she has more acting experience than the man.
Claudio
I can’t remember when or where I first saw Black Hole, but it’s a film I like to watch at least once a year. It’s about travelling through space, and to me the acting and the story are not important – it’s the way it’s filmed. It’s like a dream and nothing seems real. At the time, this was a new way of making films and since then lots of people have copied the idea. The music is very beautiful, and the final moments always make me cry.
Matching Name 10
Match the names to the correct questions / statements
1. Who thinks one of the actors in his favourite film is better than another?
Drop here
2. Who says his favourite film wasn’t very successful at the cinema?
Drop here
3. Who feels sad at the end of his favourite film?
Drop here
4. Who explains where he first saw his favourite film?
Drop here
5. Who explains what happens in his favourite film?
Drop here
6. Who says his favourite film is a true story?
Drop here
7. Who tries to see his favourite film every twelve months?
My university has an internet group for new students, which I joined before I went. One person on there said that on her sister’s first day, she brought sweets from home to offer to everyone she met, as a way
to start a conversation. I thought that was a good idea, so I did the same. It worked, but in fact, the really good friends I have now are all people I met a few weeks later.
Frank
I live at my university, and Mum and Dad drove me here on my first day. After they left, I felt terrible. I sat alone looking at photos of friends from home. But later, I went to a talk about all the university clubs, and I really enjoyed it. Clubs are a great way to meet people, and if you’re going to university, you should join some. They helped me a lot. Before I came to university, I was a quiet person, but these days I can talk to people more easily.
Zac
I was away on holiday with my parents for the first week of my university course, so I missed all of the activities where people make friends. On that first morning, I couldn’t get online, so I went looking
for someone who knew what to do. The student I found got my wi-fi working and is now my best friend. I’ve also met lots of people because of him. Mum and Dad say I’ve grown up since I started university, but I’m not sure.
Matching Name 9
Match the names to the correct questions / statements
1. Who needed help with the internet on his first day?
Drop here
2. Who felt sad when his parents went home?
Drop here
3. Who took something to university to help him make friends?
Drop here
4. Who started university later than other students?
Drop here
5. Who is still friends with someone he met on his first day at university?
Drop here
6. Who thinks he has changed since he started university?
Drop here
7. Who met other new students online before starting university?
