1. In , in the United States, a pharmacist named Dr. John Pemberton tried to invent a medicine.
2. The mixture was a mystery, but it delicious.
3. The drug store sold the as a drink for a few cents a glass.
4. The a smart named Asa Candler bought the company.
5. It's now a global .
6. It sells more than billion drinks every day.
7. It happened in .
8. That day he was a magnetron in his company's laboratory.
9. These are short waves of that cause things to heat up.
10. Suddenly, something very happened.
11. First, he put little pieces of dried corn the magnetron.
12. Some of Spencer's experiments were , but he discovered a new way to cook.
13. And they weighed over pounds, 340 kilograms.
14. Today, manufacturers make small, lightweight microwave ovens that are much than the early ones.
15. Now people use millions of these small, sticky pieces of paper in and homes around the world.
This is the audio script:
Did you know that many inventions began as accidents?
Some of these accidents even became big business ideas.
They gave us products that people all over the world use every day.
In 1886, in the United States, a pharmacist named Dr. John Pemberton tried to invent a
medicine.
Pemberton wanted a cure for headaches.
He mixed several ingredients together.
No one knows exactly what he did.
The mixture was a mystery, but it tasted delicious.
Pemberton took the mixture to a drug store.
The drug store sold the medicine as a drink for a few cents a glass.
Pemberton and a partner started a company to make and sell the drink.
However, the business didn't make much money.
Then a smart businessman named Asa Candler bought the company.
Candler made the business much more successful.
The company grew and it sold the drink around the world.
What happened to the mysterious headache cure?
It's now a global product.
It's one of the most famous brands in the world, Coca-Cola.
The Coca-Cola company markets the drink in 200 countries.
It sells more than 1.6 billion drinks every day.
An accident with a candy bar became another business idea in the United States.
It happened in 1946.
Percy Spencer, an engineer, put a candy bar in his jacket pocket.
Then he went to work.
That day he was testing a magnetron in his company's laboratory.
The company used magnetrons to make radar systems.
A magnetron is a device that produces microwaves.
These are short waves of energy that cause things to heat up.
Spencer stood near the magnetron.
He turned it on.
Suddenly, something very strange happened.
The candy bar in his pocket melted.
Spencer thought, maybe I could try this with other foods.
First, he put little pieces of dried corn near the magnetron.
Soft white puffy popcorn flew all around the room.
Then he put an egg next to the magnetron.
It heated up quickly and exploded.
Spencer got hot yellow egg yolk all over his face.
Some of Spencer's experiments were messy, but he discovered a new way to cook.
What did he invent?
The Microwave Oven.
The early microwave ovens were enormous.
They were about 5.5 feet, 1.7 meters tall.
And they weighed over 750 pounds, 340 kilograms.
They cost about $5,000 each.
They were only good for restaurant use.
Today, manufacturers make small, lightweight microwave ovens that are much cheaper than
the early ones.
These days, over 80% of homes in the developed world have a microwave oven.
Coca-Cola and the microwave oven were lucky accidents.
There are other examples too.
Did you know that the invention of plastic was an accident?
The Post-it note is another example.
Now people use millions of these small, sticky pieces of paper in offices and homes around
the world.
Will other accidents bring us successful business ideas in the future?
Who knows?
The lucky scientific accident is happening somewhere in the world right now.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. According to a study, the best engineers in the Silicon Valley play musical instruments.
2. They think there are good .
3. In this sequence of numbers, 5, 8, 11, 14, ,
do you see the pattern?
4. When you listen to the music, do you any parts repeat?
5. Every piece of music is divided into small equal called measures.
6. such as one half of a beat, one of a beat, or one eighth of a beat.
7. They learned that both and mathematicians think about patterns and sequences at the same time.
8. Maybe studying music can help people math.
9. The children took piano and also studied fractions.
10. School children in the United States can't understand fractions until they are 11 years old.
11. More than middle school and high school students took a math test.
12. The musicians much better on the test.
13. Again, the study showed that the students who studied music scored almost points higher on the math section of the test.
14. Scientists continue to study the between math and music.
15. To your work in math, try studying music.
This is the audio script:
Eight middle school students recently won a math competition in Los Angeles, California.
The winners share a skill with California's most successful engineers.
Can you guess what it is?
According to a 1989 study,
the best engineers in the Silicon Valley play musical instruments.
This is true for the math students, too.
Is this a coincidence?
Some scientists don't think so.
They think there are good reasons.
Think about the similarities between math and music.
First, they both use sequences and patterns.
In this sequence of numbers, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17,
do you see the pattern?
In other words, can you guess what number goes next?
Now, think of some music you like to listen to.
Every piece of music is a sequence of musical notes.
When you listen to the music, do you hear any parts repeat?
The repeating parts form a pattern in the sequence of notes.
What's special about the organization of music?
It's mathematical.
Every piece of music is divided into small equal parts called measures.
Each measure has a certain number of beats.
A beat can be a whole beat or a part of a beat,
such as one half of a beat, one quarter of a beat,
or one eighth of a beat.
The parts of a beat are like mathematical fractions.
Scientists studied the similarities between math and music.
They learned that both musicians and mathematicians
think about patterns and sequences at the same time.
This gave the scientists an idea.
Maybe studying music can help people understand math.
They did research to learn more.
One researcher looked at seven-year-old children.
The children took piano lessons and also studied fractions.
Surprisingly, they understood the fractions.
This was unusual.
School children in the United States normally can't understand fractions
until they are 11 years old.
Maybe the piano lessons help the children think like mathematicians.
The U.S. Department of Education did another study.
More than 25,000 middle school and high school students took a math test.
Half of the students played a musical instrument and half did not.
The musicians did much better on the test.
Other researchers looked at the SAT scores of high school juniors and seniors.
Some students studied music and others did not.
Again, the study showed that the students who studied music
scored almost 45 points higher on the math section of the test.
Scientists continue to study the connections between math and music.
They certainly don't have all the answers, but they do have a suggestion.
To improve your work in math, try studying music.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. Is beauty different for men and women, or for people from different .
2. His are people with deformed faces.
3. Dr. Markhart does surgery to correct these problems.
4. Dr. Markhart needed some guidelines to help him be .
5. It's just a ratio.
6. The ratio that defines beauty is 1 to .
7. For example, when a face is beautiful, the mouth is 1.618 times than the nose.
8. The ratio is even true for .
9. What about the measurements of other features, such as the chin and the mouth, or the , and the nose.
10. It's always the same for all the features on a beautiful or face.
11. When the doctor put the mask over pictures of beautiful faces, the faces all the mask perfectly.
12. Is beauty the all over the world?
13. When the mask is put over pictures of people from many different , the ratio still works.
14. Other surgeons learned about Dr. Markhart's important .
15. Cosmetic surgeons can also use it to help people more beautiful.
This is the audio script:
What makes a face beautiful?
Is it the size and shape of the mouth, nose and eyes?
Is it the shape of the face?
Is beauty different for men and women, or for people from different cultures?
We all know a beautiful face when we see one.
What creates that physical beauty?
Dr. Stephen Markhart has an answer.
He says that beauty is mathematical.
Dr. Markhart is a surgeon from California.
His patients are people with deformed faces.
Some of his patients can't eat or breathe easily because their noses or mouths don't
function normally.
Dr. Markhart does plastic surgery to correct these problems.
Some patients' problems were very difficult to fix.
Dr. Markhart needed some guidelines to help him be successful.
So he started to do research.
He wanted to know why some faces are beautiful.
What did he find?
He found that beauty is not a mystery at all.
It's just a simple ratio.
The ratio that defines beauty is 1 to 1.618.
The ratio, 1 to 1.618, shows the relationship between different features on a beautiful face.
For example, when a face is beautiful, the mouth is 1.618 times wider than the nose.
The width of the nose is 1.618 times the width of the tip of the nose.
The ratio is even true for teeth.
The width of the two front teeth is 1.618 times wider than the height of one of the teeth.
What about the measurements of other features, such as the chin and the mouth, or the eyes
and the nose?
The ratio never changes.
It's always the same for all the features on a beautiful or handsome face.
Dr. Markhart used the ratio to make a mask.
The mask has many lines and geometric shapes.
When the doctor put the mask over pictures of beautiful faces, the faces all fit the mask perfectly.
Then he put the mask on less beautiful faces.
These faces didn't fit the mask.
Is beauty the same all over the world?
Yes.
When the mask is put over pictures of people from many different places, the ratio still works.
Beautiful faces from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America all fit the same mask.
Other surgeons learned about Dr. Markhart's important findings.
Plastic surgeons can use the ratio to repair deformed faces and help people live healthier lives.
Cosmetic surgeons can also use it to help make people more beautiful.
Would you like to try Dr. Markhart's mask?
Does your face have the geometry of beauty?
You can find out the mask is online.
This is the end of the audio program.
2. She found a book about Archimedes and his love of geometry in her father's .
3. It was very for girls from the middle-class to study math in the early 18th century in France.
4. She studied secretly at by candlelight when her parents slept.
5. It was too to stop her.
6. However, she didn't let this discrimination against stop her.
7. However, she didn't sign her own name on the .
8. Imagine his .
9. Sophie continued to to other mathematicians.
10. This created a difficult , but it didn't stop her.
11. She taught other kinds of math, such as algebra and calculus.
12. Sophie is also famous for her studies of as a building material.
13. Years later, engineers used her ideas to build skyscrapers, such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, Sophie's .
14. Today, on the base of the Eiffel Tower, there are names of brilliant French scientists and mathematicians.
15. However, there's one important name that's , Sophie Jean-Man.
This is the audio script:
Imagine telling Einstein to stop studying physics.
Imagine telling Picasso to stop painting.
Could they stop doing the things they loved?
This is what people try to do to Sophie's or Matt.
Sophie's love was mathematics.
She fell in love with it when she was only 13 years old.
She found a book about Archimedes and his love of geometry in her father's library.
Then, she read all the books about math she could find and decided to become a mathematician.
There were two problems.
First, Sophie was born in 18th century France.
Second, Sophie was a girl from a middle-class family.
It was very unusual for girls from the middle-class to study math in the early 18th century in
France.
Sophie's parents wanted her to be like other girls.
When she studied math, they tried to stop her.
Sophie didn't want to stop.
She studied secretly at night by candlelight when her parents slept.
Sophie's parents found out and they took away her candles.
That didn't stop Sophie.
She found more candles.
Finally, her parents decided to let Sophie study.
It was too hard to stop her.
When Sophie was 18 years old, a school for mathematicians opened in Paris.
She couldn't take classes there because it was for men only.
However, she didn't let this discrimination against women stop her.
She started writing letters to math professors at the school.
She asked them questions and she wrote about her ideas.
However, she didn't sign her own name on the letters.
She used a man's name, Monsieur Le Blon, a student at the school at
one time.
This idea worked and the professor responded to her letters.
After a while, one professor asked to meet the brilliant Monsieur Le Blon.
Imagine his surprise.
Monsieur Le Blon was a woman.
The professor didn't tell anyone.
He kept Sophie's secret.
Sophie continued to write to other mathematicians.
She always signed her letters, Monsieur Le Blon.
She met some of these experts, but they usually stopped helping her after a short time.
Was it because she was a woman?
No one is sure.
However, we do know one thing.
There was strong prejudice against educated women in Sophie's time.
This created a difficult challenge, but it didn't stop her.
Sophie continued to study.
She taught herself other kinds of math, such as algebra and calculus.
She is famous for her excellent work on a difficult math problem that was a challenge
for many other mathematicians.
Sophie is also famous for her studies of metal as a building material.
Years later, engineers used her ideas to build skyscrapers, such as the Eiffel Tower
in Paris, Sophie's hometown.
Today, on the base of the Eiffel Tower, there are 72 names of brilliant French scientists
and mathematicians.
These people all made great contributions to the world.
However, there's one important name that's missing, Sophie Jean-Man.
This is the end of the audio program.
3. In fact, all of his Facebook friends received the same .
4. In Shanghai, China, a young said goodbye in a subway station.
5. Their private kisses became very .
6. How did these acts become public?
7. Facebook used a program called Beacon to track Sean's online .
8. Then one of the guards the video to a video sharing site.
9. Flickr is a photo site with more than a billion photos.
10. No one told Allison or asked her .
11. For example, over Facebook users complained about Beacon.
12. In many countries, people have a right to privacy.
13. The Chinese subway company quickly.
14. The couple the money.
15. Sean and Allison may in the end, but it's already too late.
This is the audio script:
Sean L. wanted to give his wife a big surprise.
He went online and bought a diamond ring for her.
Two hours later, his wife texted him, who's the ring for?
Sean was very surprised.
He was angry too.
How did she know about the ring?
She wasn't the only one.
In fact, all of his Facebook friends received the same news.
Sean L. bought a gold diamond ring from overstock.com.
In Shanghai, China, a young couple said goodbye in a subway station.
They kissed for a long time.
They didn't see anyone, but someone saw them.
Their private kisses became very public.
Soon, millions of people all over the world also saw them kissing on the Internet.
Allison C. 15 was out with a group of people in Dallas, Texas.
One member of the group took a picture of her.
A few months later, her photo appeared in an advertisement in Australia.
How did these private acts become public?
Sean was a member of Facebook.
Facebook is a website where people can meet other people and communicate with their friends
and family.
Facebook used a program called Beacon to track Sean's online purchases.
Then Beacon posted the news for his Facebook friends.
In Shanghai, a security video camera was taping the subway station.
Guards were watching the monitor, and they focused on the couple.
Then one of the guards uploaded the video to a video sharing site.
In Dallas, the person who took Allison's photo uploaded his pictures on Flickr.
Flickr is a photo sharing site with more than a billion photos.
A company in Australia saw the photo of Allison and used it in an advertisement.
No one told Allison or asked her permission.
How did she find out?
On Flickr, of course.
That's where she saw a photo of the ad.
Is there anything you can do when you lose your privacy on the Internet?
Some people complain.
For example, over 50,000 Facebook users complained about Beacon.
They said, Facebook is posting our private information without our permission.
Facebook stopped using Beacon in this way.
In many countries, people have a legal right to privacy.
When they lose their privacy, they can sue.
Sean joined other Facebook users to sue Facebook.
The Chinese couple sued the Shanghai subway.
Allison's family sued the advertising company.
The Chinese subway company acted quickly.
It fired the guards, apologized publicly, and offered the couple compensation.
The couple accepted the money.
The other two cases are going to take more time.
Sean and Allison may win in the end, but it's already too late.
They lost their privacy with just one quick click.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. Ray Tomlinson is sitting in his in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2. He just sent the first message from one computer to a different computer through a network.
3. This second email told people how to send email on the computer network.
4. Before , there was no email.
5. These were all to a big computer.
6. They could send files to other computers through the , but they couldn't talk.
7. He used AT to a person's name from the name of the computer the person was using.
8. In fact, typewriter companies thought about taking it off the .
9. In the 1970s, only about people used email.
10. Then, in the 1980s, the first computers arrived.
11. Today, over one people use it.
12. Some people check their email to 40 times an hour.
13. Most of it is that tries to sell something.
14. As much as 70% of each day's billion email messages is spam.
15. However, thanks to this hero, people all over the world can communicate with each other in seconds.
This is the audio script:
The year is 1971.
Ray Tomlinson is sitting in his office in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
He types a few letters on a keyboard.
Then he moves to a second computer in the room and reads the monitor.
Yes!
He just sent the first electronic message from one computer to a different computer through
a network.
What did this first email say?
Tomlinson doesn't remember.
Maybe it was just a string of letters like Q-W-E-R-T-Y-U-I-O-P.
He does remember the second message.
He sent it to his co-workers.
This second email message told people how to send email on the computer network.
Before 1971, there was no email.
In those days, people didn't have small computers on their desks.
They only had keyboards and monitors.
These were all connected to a big computer.
People could only send messages to other people on the same computer.
They could send files to other computers through the network, but they couldn't talk.
To solve this problem, Tomlinson needed a way to direct messages to the right person
on the right computer on any network.
He chose the AT symbol.
He used AT to separate a person's name from the name of the computer the person was using.
The AT symbol was a good choice.
This symbol was not in anyone's name.
Few people used it.
In fact, typewriter companies thought about taking it off the keyboard.
Now, AT is used 2 million times every second.
No one really paid any attention to Tomlinson's achievement.
In the 1970s, only about 500 people used email.
They only used it to do projects at work.
Then, in the 1980s, the first personal computers arrived.
They were small and not very expensive.
For the first time, people could have computers at home.
Then came the internet.
Soon, email became a popular way to communicate.
Today, over 1 billion people use it.
Office workers spend almost an hour a day on email.
Some people check their email 30 to 40 times an hour.
Tomlinson is sorry about one thing.
Spam.
Spam is email that no one wants.
Most of it is advertising that tries to sell something.
As much as 70% of each day's 180 billion email messages is spam.
As the number of email users grows, spam is becoming more and more of a problem.
Unlike many other inventors, Tomlinson is not famous.
He never made any money from email.
Most people don't even know his name.
However, thanks to this unknown hero, people all over the world can communicate with each
other in seconds.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. You can write when you're on the bus or , or standing in line at a store.
2. When she was a in high school, she wrote a novel called If You.
3. The novel became so popular that a made it into a book.
4. Soon, millions of people in Japan other people's cell phone novels from the website onto their own cell phones.
5. In this way, million people read a cell phone novel called Love Sky.
6. By 2007, of the top ten best-selling books in Japan were cell phone novels first.
7. Then readers can post and suggest ideas.
8. Some people who a novel on their cell phones also buy the book.
9. Cell phone novels have a special .
10. Chapters and are short.
11. This style is popular with young people who grew up reading manga or books.
12. Now a new kind of novel is coming from Japan to the of the world.
13. The idea is becoming popular in other .
14. For example, now people are cell phone novels in South Korea, China, and the United States.
15. Maybe you will write the world's next cell phone novel.
This is the audio script:
Do you want to write a novel?
All you need is a cell phone.
You can write when you're on the bus or subway, or standing in line at a store.
Then you can put your novel on the Internet.
Rin, a young woman in Japan, did just this.
She started writing on her cell phone in high school.
When she was a senior in high school, she wrote a novel called If You.
She put the novel on a website.
People downloaded it and read it on their cell phones.
The novel became so popular that a publisher made it into a book.
If You sold almost half a million copies in bookstores.
In Japan, in 2000, an Internet company made a website for people to share the novels they wrote on their cell phones.
Soon, millions of people in Japan downloaded other people's cell phone novels from the website onto their own cell phones.
In this way, 20 million people read a cell phone novel called Love Sky.
It was so popular that it became a printed book and then a movie.
By 2007, half of the top ten best-selling books in Japan were cell phone novels first.
Cell phone readers can also participate in the writing.
Writers usually put their novels online, chapter by chapter.
Then readers can post comments and suggest ideas.
This helps the writers as they develop their novels.
Some people who read a novel on their cell phones also buy the book.
They like to see the ideas they gave the writer in print.
Cell phone novels have a special style.
The action moves fast.
It is usually more important than the story or the characters.
Chapters and conversations are short.
People speak in very short sentences.
This style is popular with young people who grew up reading manga or comic books.
Many people believe that a Japanese woman wrote the world's first novel, The Tale of Genji, one thousand years ago.
Now a new kind of novel is coming from Japan to the rest of the world.
The idea is becoming popular in other countries.
For example, now people are writing cell phone novels in South Korea, China, and the United States.
So, get those thumbs ready.
Maybe you will write the world's next best-selling cell phone novel.
This is the end of the audio program.
2. However, the young woman had a that helped her feel better.
3. Then she took a small book from under her .
4. Long ago in , only men learned to read and write.
5. They made written symbols to stand for and words.
6. It was the for her family to choose him for her.
7. Before she left, her friends and family wrote to her in a small book.
8. The woman opened the book on the day of her marriage.
9. Some people think a woman in an emperor's court created it to send messages to her sisters back home.
10. years ago, people spoke a variety of languages in China.
11. A man who wrote in another language could his life, but women were not so important.
12. In , a teacher went to study the culture of Jiangyong Hunan Province.
13. In 2004, Yang Huang Yi, the woman who secretly used Nushu, died.
14. Infact, from all over the world go to Hunan Province to see examples of the secret writing in a museum.
15. This secret is not a secret anymore.
This is the audio script:
After her wedding, the young woman went to live in her husband's village.
Life was lonely and difficult.
Her mother-in-law made her work hard all day.
Her friends were far away.
However, the young woman had a secret that helped her feel better.
On the third day after she arrived in the village, she waited for her husband to fall asleep.
Then she took a small book from under her pillow.
She began to read, and the words made her smile.
What was in the little book?
Why was it a secret?
Long ago in China, only men learned to read and write.
Women in one area of the country were not happy with this.
In remote parts of Hunan province, these women created their own secret writing system.
They made written symbols to stand for sounds and words.
They called this language Nushu.
In the past, a woman did not choose her husband.
It was the custom for her family to choose him for her.
When she married, she normally left her village and went to live with her husband's family.
Before she left, her female friends and family wrote to her in a small book.
They wrote about their friendship, their memories, and their hopes for her.
At the end of the book, they left pages for her to write about her new life.
The woman opened the book on the third day of her marriage.
Her husband could not read it, because the writing was all in Nushu.
Men probably knew about Nushu, but they did not think it was important.
To women, it was very important.
In fact, when women died, their families often buried them with their Nushu third-day books.
How and why did Nushu start?
No one is sure.
Some people think a lonely woman in an emperor's court created it to send messages to her
sisters back home.
Others think Nushu comes from a very old language.
4,000 years ago, people spoke a variety of languages in China.
Then the emperor said people could only use Mandarin.
A man who wrote in another language could lose his life, but women were not so important.
Maybe they continued to use the old language.
In the 1920s, many women in China began to go to school.
They learned to read and write Mandarin, and they did not need Nushu.
In 1982, a teacher went to study the culture of Jiangyong Hunan Province.
There, he learned about Nushu and wrote about his research.
This was very exciting because there were no other languages in the world that were only
for women.
In 2004, Yang Huang Yi, the last woman who secretly used Nushu, died.
Today, there is still a lot of interest in this language.
In fact, tourists from all over the world go to Hunan Province to see examples of the
secret writing in a museum.
Some women even go to a special school to study Nushu.
This secret writing is not a secret anymore.
This is the end of the audio program.
2. The woman in the black coat is in line at the checkpoint for security.
3. The woman looks like all the other , but Ann Hill notices some small differences in the expressions on the woman's face.
4. Her lips pull toward her .
5. The facial expressions tell Hill that the woman is something.
6. Like many other security workers, Hill has special training in reading .
7. Micro expressions can often tell you more about people's feelings than their can.
8. We can see when eyebrows go up.
9. Do people from different read faces in the same way?.
10. He found that everyone many facial expressions in the same way.
11. These expressions can show emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, , surprise and dislike.
12. He asked the first group to the movie accurately.
13. Most people did badly on the , but a few people did well.
14. Then he trained other people to micro expressions.
15. Her mother was very , and she was going to visit her.
This is the audio script:
Ann Hill works for airport security.
One morning at work, she speaks into her radio.
Look at the woman in the black coat, she says.
Her partner answers, right.
Let's go ask her some questions.
The woman in the black coat is in line at the checkpoint for airport security.
This is the place where people stop for an examination of their papers and possessions.
The woman looks like all the other passengers, but Ann Hill notices some small differences
in the expressions on the woman's face.
Her eyebrows go up and move together.
Her eyelids rise.
Her lips pull toward her ears.
All this happens quickly, but it's enough for Ann Hill.
The facial expressions tell Hill that the woman is hiding something.
Like many other security workers, Hill has special training in reading faces.
She looks for micro expressions.
These are very small changes on a person's face.
They show the person's thoughts or feelings.
Micro expressions can often tell you more about people's feelings than their behavior can.
Everyone can read some emotions on people's faces.
We can see surprise when eyebrows go up.
We can see happiness when the mouth and eyes change.
A psychology professor named Paul Ekman asked himself a question.
Do people from different cultures read faces in the same way?
Ekman did research in different parts of the world to find the answer.
He found that everyone understands many facial expressions in the same way.
He also found that, with the 43 face muscles, people can make 10,000 different micro expressions.
These expressions can show emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and dislike.
Ekman wanted to know something else.
Can a face show that a person is not telling the truth?
Ekman did some experiments.
In one experiment, he used a group of nurses.
He asked them to watch a movie.
Then he divided the nurses into two groups.
He asked the first group to describe the movie accurately.
Then he asked the second group to lie about the movie.
Ekman filmed both groups.
In the next part of the experiment, Ekman asked other people to watch his films.
He asked them, which nurses are lying?
Which nurses are telling the truth?
Most people did badly on the test, but a few people did well.
These people did not listen to the nurse's words.
They paid attention to the expressions on their faces.
After many years of studying micro expressions, Ekman could tell when a person was lying.
He could also tell when someone was hiding something.
Then he trained other people to recognize micro expressions.
Anne Hill had this kind of training, and she became an expert.
Hill and her partner asked the woman in the black coat about the purpose of her trip.
When she answered, her eyes filled with tears.
Was Hill right about her?
Yes, the woman was hiding something.
Her mother was very ill, and she was going to visit her.
The emotion she was hiding was sadness.
This is the end of the audio program.
1. Ryan Jones is only 8 months old, but he is already talking with his .
2. When he is , he opens and closes his hand.
3. When Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very .
4. Ryan's parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can with them.
5. Then, he got a job helping deaf people communicate with people.
6. He noticed that these were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children.
7. When they were 1 year old, they could use as many as signs.
8. These babies using signs about 2 months later.
9. They wanted to give their babies a to communicate before they could use spoken words.
10. Some people about signing to babies.
11. Maybe they will develop language later than other babies.
12. In fact, one study found just the .
13. Signing babies actually learned to earlier than other children.
14. They also score on intelligence tests.
15. It can be because many people understand it.
This is the audio script:
Babies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old.
Ryan Jones is only 8 months old, but he is already talking with his parents.
When he is hungry, he opens and closes his hand.
This means milk.
He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more.
Ryan is not deaf and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him
to sign.
They say a word and make a sign at the same time.
They repeat this again and again.
When Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.
Ryan's parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.
Ryan's parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia.
Although Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign Language
ASL.
First, he took courses in ASL.
Then, he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people.
In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants.
He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children.
They talked with signs by the time they were 8 months old.
When they were 1 year old, they could use as many as 50 signs.
Garcia decided to try something new.
He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf.
The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were 6 or 7 months old.
These babies started using signs about 2 months later.
More and more parents took Garcia's ASL classes.
Like Ryan's family, they were excited about signing with their babies.
They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.
Some people worry about signing to babies.
They are afraid that these babies won't feel a need to talk.
Maybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies.
However, research does not show this.
In fact, one study found just the opposite.
Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children.
As they grow older, these children are more interested in books.
They also score higher on intelligence tests.
There is still a big question for parents.
Which are the best signs to teach their babies?
Some parents make their own signs.
Other parents want to teach ASL.
It can be useful because many people understand it.
There's no clear answer, but we do know this.
While signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot.
This is the end of the audio program.
